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Chinese Companies Utility Indian Lawyers and Law Firms

The terms compliance and compliance risk are now becoming more and more familiar to Chinese companies. Many Chinese companies have also established systems such as corporate lawyers or legal consultants to ensure that companies maximize their economic benefits. At the same time, it will not touch the "red line" of the law and cause damage to its interests.

 

In many cases, a company’s project requires a lawyer or a team of lawyers from a law firm to complete the project. For investing in India, limited by information, how to choose a reliable law firm is a big problem for Chinese companies.

 

Indian Lawyer Law Firm are now in use by Chinese companies infographic

First of all, India’s current legal market is not open to foreign lawyers and law firms. If there are Chinese citizens undertaking business in the name of "lawyers in India", it is definitely illegal. What's more, they have not obtained an Indian work visa. Under the circumstances, hold a business visa or student visa to work illegally in India. 

Once seized, not only will they be deported, but the reputation of Chinese companies that accept legal services from them will also be significantly affected, and their projects will also have an irreversible impact. 

India also prohibits foreign law firms from setting up branches in India, especially law firms established in other countries under a unified brand, while setting up branches in India. There is currently no foreign law firm in India.

 

Foreign Law Firm Offices in China

This is different from China allowing foreign law firms to set up representative offices in China, because when India joined the WTO before, it made a corresponding reservation (Reservation), which is the opposite of China. China allows foreign law firms to open representative offices in China. 

 But it is forbidden for foreign arbitration institutions to come to China to establish representative offices (there has been a loosening recently). India allows foreign arbitration institutions to establish representative offices in India, and does not allow foreign law firms to establish representative offices in India.

 

The following timeline shows how this issue is handled in Indian legislation and judicial practice:

 

l In 1961, India passed the Lawyers Act, which stipulates that only members of the Bar Council can provide legal services in India, and members of the Bar Council can only be citizens of India.

l After India joined the WTO in the 1990s, a large number of foreign law firms sought to establish representative offices or service agencies in India. 

This behavior was considered to violate the provisions of the Lawyers Act of 1961, which caused a backlash from local lawyers in India At present, this case is still under appeal, and the direct result of this case is that no foreign law firm currently has a representative office or service organization in India.

l In 2009, the Mumbai High Court ruled that all foreign lawyers should not engage in any legal practice-related activities in India.

l In 2012, the Madras High Court passed a ruling that it considers that it is okay for foreign lawyers to visit India on a temporary basis to interpret foreign legal issues required by clients, and also allow foreign lawyers to go to India to handle foreign-related arbitration cases. This principle is called "Fly In Fly Out", which is the "fast in and out" principle.

l In 2018, the Supreme Court of India further explained the principle of "fast in and out" determined by the Madras High Court and clarified many issues.

In addition to restrictions on foreign-owned law firms, the Bar Council of India has recently also imposed requirements on accounting firms in India, prohibiting them from engaging in legal business, and has issued legal notices to EY, KPMG, Deloitte and PwC. 

The Big Four accounting firms in China issued a letter of inquiry, asking them to clarify the recruitment of lawyers to work under their subsidiaries. Because accounting and auditing firms are engaged in legal business, they are also prohibited by the Indian Lawyers Act.

 

Although the law stipulates that foreign law firms and foreign lawyers are not allowed to practice in India, India is, after all, an investment destination with rapid economic growth. There are still many Chinese lawyers and law firms willing to take risks and adopt various "disguise" methods in India. Practice, and methods of disguise include but are not limited to:

 

1: Find an Indian to register a law firm, but it is actually under the control of the Chinese headquarters, that is, "selling dog meat at the head of the sheep";

 

2: The Indian law firm and the Chinese headquarters have the same name and image logo;

 

3: Do not adopt the name of a law firm, but adopt the name of consulting company, consulting company, etc.

 

Regrettably, based on the regulations of the Indian Bar Association, the above behavior has long been judged to be illegal. 

For example, the Madras High Court ruled that there are only word processing, administrative secretary assistance (secretarial support), transcription services, proof reading services, and travel that do not involve legal opinions. 

Travel desk support is considered non-legal service. All other side-kick behaviors will result in penalties for violating Indian laws.

 

Therefore, if a Chinese law says that it has a branch or representative office in India, this statement must be problematic. Of course, in practice, many Chinese law firms will cooperate with Indian law firms in order to provide better services to clients.

 If the Indian legal affairs of a Chinese company also involve Chinese law business, for example, a Chinese company is a listed company, its mergers and acquisitions in India need to comply with Chinese laws. 

In this case, Chinese lawyers are definitely needed. The firm is involved. Of course, in practice, some companies also have strong internal legal teams or corporate lawyers, which can directly connect with Indian law firms.

 

Since foreign lawyers and foreign law firms are prohibited from practising in India, which means that any Indian legal business can only be done by Indian law firms.


How to find a reliable Indian law firm? 

What Chinese companies can do is to go to the website of the Indian Bar Association to inquire about a law firm that is officially certified by India. Through the inquiry, it is clear whether the lawyer is a grass-roots team or a regular firm.

 

In addition, Chinese companies can also use the rankings of authoritative rating agencies such as Chambers & Partners to look at the evaluation of alternative law firms by professional law firm ranking agencies. Of course, the most important thing is to consider whether it has more experience in undertaking Chinese customers and Chinese projects.

 

The service quotations of lawyers and other professional institutions are different, and their fees are related to their professional experience, scale, reputation, etc. But generally law firms will have their hourly rates, and Chinese clients will generally ask for them an overall fixed cap cost (Fixed Cap). 

For commercial cases (such as investment, mergers and acquisitions, etc.), it is common to adopt capped and packaged expenses, while in cases where the time of litigation, arbitration and other cases cannot be estimated, hourly expenses are more frequently used. 

Generally, Indian law firms will specify some additional expenses (Out of Pocket Expenses, such as travel expenses, cross-border document delivery fees, cross-border teleconference communication fees, etc.) and taxes (such as services in India) in the contract. Tax) are borne by the client or paid by the law firm and then reimbursed by the client. 

Another point very different from China is that India prohibits risk agency, that is, lawyers are not allowed to charge legal service fees in the form of success fees. One point needs to be understood by Chinese investors in advance.

 

Are Chinese Investors choosing local Indian Law Firms?

In addition, since India is a federal country, many smaller Indian local law firms may not have the qualifications to practice in other states other than their registered address. Therefore, Chinese investors are choosing Indian local law firms.

 It is also necessary to ask whether it is qualified to practice in the state where the investor intends to seek legal services. Of course, considering the convenience of the service, if the local major city has an office or branch, it is also worth considering for Chinese companies. 

Sub-items, such as having a branch or support team at the project site are still very useful for advancing the project. 

To give a simple example, when conducting land due diligence, the author once encountered the project site in Tamil, the southernmost part of India. In Nadu state, a large number of documents of the local land administration are made in the local language Tamil. 

If you choose a law firm with offices only in northern India (mostly in northern India), it will handle the land due diligence. There may be problems in file processing efficiency and accuracy.

 

Fines Charged and Legal Help

In fact, compared with the investment amount and the project target amount, lawyers and legal fees are like a few dollars of parking fees, no matter how cheap they are, some people will think it is expensive, but suddenly a ticket is posted on the car, asking him to pay 200 yuan for illegal parking. 

When a fine is imposed, most people will feel that they would have been willing to pay 20 yuan for parking! When there is a problem with the project or the company, and it loses millions or tens of millions, it is discovered that the legal consultant fee of tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands is really cheap and cost-effective compared with the loss, like a drop of water in the ocean. 

It is a pity that it is too late. It is the calmness and calmness that show the function of a lawyer, and the troubles that show the value of a lawyer. 

At present, the ability of China and India to obtain reliable information and distinguish whether the project is reliable is what many Chinese companies are not good at. 

In addition to strengthening the company’s own legal and business teams’ understanding of India, the most important thing is to rely on Indian professionals to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the project before entering.

 

About Indian Law Firm Linklegal

India Daheng Zhucheng Law Firm is a law firm legally established in accordance with Indian laws. It is approved to practice in all states in India and has the qualifications to appear in the Supreme Court of India. 

The law firm is also registered with the Indian Bar Association. The law firm includes Delhi, Mumbai, Gurgaon, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore have branches in major commercial cities in India, and set up a dedicated Chinese affairs department. Since 2010, the firm has helped hundreds of Chinese companies invest in India.

 


Special Leave Petition Sample or SLP Sample Draft

Petition against the decision of NCDRC | Petition against National Commission's Order | Appeal against Order of National Commission | Appeal against order of National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission| SLP Drafting

Special Leave Petition Sample or  SLP Sample infographic
Consumer Beware. SLP Format

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
           (Order XVI Rule 4(1) (a)


CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION


SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION

(Under Article 136 of the Constitution of India)


 S.L.P. (Civil) No.........................................................of  2019.




In the matter of:

++++++++++
S/o ++++++++++++
 R/o ________ No. 3
++++++++++++++++++++++
____________________________            
.....................Petitioner
Versus

___________ Vidyut Nigam Limited
Through its Director / Manager
With Registered Office at Regd. Office ______
(TEMP SDO), ______, ______________________
                                                                                        ……………Respondent

Special Leave Petition Sample

May it please the Hon'ble Chief Justice of India and His Lordship's Companion Judges of the Supreme Court. The petitioner-appellant-(company) MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH:

 1. That the petitioner is a law abiding citizen of India who is an entrepreneur by profession and a human rights activist by temperament, and is challenging by way of this Special Leave Petition the judgment an order of The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission ( henceforth referred to as NCDRC in this petition) towards his review petition in case no. CC/****/201* dated 13.06.2018 (received by the petitioner on 04.06.2019 vide registered post no. RD 0917977**IN) in proceeding under Section 21 (a) (i) of The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (CPA)

2. That the questions of law involved in this matter are as follows:
 (a) Whether the Hon’ble NCDRC has fallen into error in taking the view that a proper assessment was already furnished to it despite that can NCDRC orders declare that there was no assessment submitted for the claim?

(b) Whether in review petition pertaining to the same complaint a copy of the receipt of the assessment from registry was also filed later with the review petition with the NCDRC, so could there really be no grounds and to admit the complaint when the dismissal of the complaint was solely on the ground that there was no assessment furnished to Hon’ble NCDRC?

(c) As due claim assessment was already submitted before the commission through its registry before the final judgment was pronounced, and for this a review petition was filed with the Hon’ble NCDRC, would it really not be an “error on the face of record” for which such review petitions with NCDRC are meant?

3. That the petitioner had a domestic electricity connection at his ancestral house where he used to live and the opposite party disconnected because of dues of Rs. ******/- without notice while it was not serving bills for several months despite the complainants visiting at the billing office who were only making excuses, and no payments are accepted without bills.

 4. That the opposite party did not even inform about disconnection and take signatures on receipt and the improper receipt was found lying at the property.

5. There was no communication ever made by the opposite party on its own regarding disconnection and it was also unwilling to correct its mistake and had always been adamant on recovering re-connection charges despite its own fault.

6. That the opposite party had to compromise with the re-connection charges at a stage when his father returned after admission in hospital.

7. Despite such deficiency in services there was no reason that the same deficiency could not be repeated again and this would call for further atrocities despite making any compromises at any earlier stage. The proof to it is police complaint by the complainant to which police replied that it called on phone and the concerned ____L staff told them that they can disconnect electricity even without notice automatically, which is violation of section 56 (1) of the Indian Electricity Act 2003 which mandates not less than 15 clear days notice prior disconnection.

8. That due to such disconnection the complainant suffered huge pecuniary losses in his occupational career as he was busy preparing for his X MSME business firms in the Information Technology and allied sectors at his residence which were duly registered with Income Tax PAN for each of them.

9. That due to such career losses and mental agony in the same proportion the petitioner claimed an amount of 502 crores through a complaint with NCDRC and when asked on the first hearing submitted complete assessment on 28 May 2018 with the commission as the 2 member bench asked.

10. In the second hearing the 2 member asked for more explanation so the complainant sought one more chance for the same and the bench ordered accordingly but as the order only said that complainant wants one more chance and rescheduled the hearing the registry did not accept further explanation and asked to submit it directly before the bench.

11. That as the 2 member bench went for summer vacations a single member bench heard the case and did not accept further explanation and issued an order claiming that no assessment was submitted which is not the fact.

12. A review petition was filed with the same single member along with the receipt of the assessment submission with the NCDRC registry, still the Hon’ble NCDRC member mentioned in their extremely concise order that no grounds to review or recall the order were found by them.

13. The single member bench in its own order had mentioned that the petitioner has the right to claim any amount but it was only concerned with assessment and summarily ignored it despite the complainant had submitted a proper detailed assessment document.

14. The single member found the claimed amount mind boggling which is obvious but with it due assessment and grounds it is no how mind boggling as the assessment shows the claim despite diminishing it for all possible reasons to be amounting to Rs. 31, 500 crores, while the complainant sought only 500 crores for it considering the capacity of opposite party to pay and to impose lesser burden on it.

15. That though the orders of the single member bench allow the petitioner to make smaller claim at any other forum but that also needs assessment and due assessment for the claimed amount was already furnished with NCDRC.

16. That it is not feasible for such aspiring entrepreneur complainant to claim smaller amount as then the same time if utilized by him would better enable him recovering from the damages caused by the opposite party in his life.

17. The impugned NCDRC orders have only curtailed the consumer rights ab initio, and are regressive and degenerative in approach with no legal, moral or legitimate standing.

SLP GROUNDS

    18. That the impugned orders of NCDRC are based on untrue  
     assumption that no assessment of claim was submitted while it was duly
     submitted to which the commission registry must have record, and to
     which copy of receipt from the registry was also submitted by the
     petitioner with the review petition.

19. That the petitioner has not filed any appeal or other proceeding  relating to this matter in this Hon'ble Court or any other Court.

                           RELIEF SOUGHT under SLP

    20. The petitioner accordingly prays that this Hon'ble Court be pleased to     
    grant Special Leave to the complaint be heard by Hon’ble NCDRC and
    proceedings take place accordingly.

    21. Any other relief that the Hon’ble court deems fit. 

                                                                              
                                                                      PETITIONER-in-Person


SLP in Supreme Court

What is Special Leave Petition (SLP)?

In India Special Leave Petitions (S.L.P.) holds a prime place in the Indian Judiciary. Its provision is as a residual power in the hands of the Supreme Court of India (SCI). 

This power is to be exercised only in such cases when there is involvement of any crucial question of, or gross injustice has been done.

It provides the aggrieved party a special permission to be heard in the Top Court in an appeal against any judgment or order of any Court/tribunal in the territory of India (except for military tribunal and court martial cases).

Indian Constitution under Article 136 vests the Supreme Court of India, the apex court of the country, with a special power to allow or grant special leave, to appeal against any judgment or order or decree in any matter or cause, that was passed or made by any Court/tribunal within the territory of India. 

This is to be used in case any substantial constitutional question of law is involved, or gross injustice has been done.


It is discretionary power that vests in the Supreme Court of India and the court may in its discretion refuse to grant leave to appeal.

The aggrieved party cannot claim special leave to appeal under Article 136 as a right, but it is merely a privilege that vests in the Supreme Court of India to grant leave to appeal or otherwise.


What is the scope of power that vests with the Supreme Court under article 136?

The constitution of India vests discretionary power in the Supreme Court of India.

 

Supreme Court of India may on its discretion be able to grant special leave to appeal from any judgment or decree or order in any matter or cause made or passed by any Courts / tribunals in the territory of India.

 

Supreme Court of India may also refuse to grant the leave to appeal by exercising its own discretion.


An aggrieved party from the order, judgment or decree of high court cannot claim special leave to appeal as a right. 


Though it is privilege which vests with the Supreme Court of India and this leave to appeal is permissible only by it.


Any aggrieved party may approach India's Apex Court under Article 136 of the constitution in case any constitutional or legal issue exists and which Supreme Court of India may clarify. 

SC can hear this as civil or criminal appeal, whatever the case is.

  

Can one file a review petition with High Court even if their SLP is pending with the Supreme Court?

Yes, according to a Delhi High Court ruling one can file a review petition with High Court even if their SLP (Special Leave Petition) is pending with the in Supreme Court.


Can one file an SLP against the order of NCDC?

Yes, one can prefer appeal or an SLP against the National NCDRC (National Consumer Disputes Resolution Commission). The benefit of SLP is that you get 90 days after receiving the order copy, so if you miss out appeal time you still have SLP option. And on expiry of both you still have Condonation of Delay option which the SC may or not allow. This is same as SLP which is not a right and at a special discretion of the Supreme Court.


What is the amount of court fee for Special Leave Petition?

The amount of court fee payable for Special Leave petition is according to the schedule in the Supreme Court Guidelines of 2013.



What are the restrictions involved in case of SLP?

Aggrieved party can file SLP against any judgment or decree or order of any High Court / tribunal within the territory of India. 


Also, SLP can be filed in case a refuses to grant the certificate of fitness for appeal to the SCI (Supreme Court of India).


One can file SLP against any judgment of High Court within 90 days from the date of judgment. 


Also, they can file SLP within 60 days against the order of the High Court refusing to grant the certificate of fitness for appeal to Supreme Court.


Any aggrieved party can file SLP against the order or judgment of refusal of grant of certificate by the relevant HC.


 Rules relevant to restrictions on SLP

According to ruling in the matter of SLP (c) 004307 of 2008 special leave petition is required to state all the facts that are necessary to enable the court to determine whether it should grant Special Leave or not.

 It is requirable to be signed by Advocate on record or petitioner in person. 

The petition should also contain statement that the petitioner has not filed any other petition in the High Court. 

It should accompany a certified copy of judgment appealed against and an affidavit by the petitioner verifying the same. 

This should also accompany all the documents that formed components of pleading in Lower Court.


Where to Download SLP (Special Leave petition format from)?

  You can download Special Leave petition format specimen for thew Supreme Court of India Resources at SLP Format from SC

The same original Supreme Court format is as follows:

NO.28 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA [S.C.R., Order XXI Rule 3(1) (a)] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (Under Article 136 of the Constitution of India) S.L.P. (Civil) No. .......................... of ...................... BETWEEN Position of Parties In the Court/Tribunal from In this Court whose order the petition arises (A) (Here insert the name/names Petitioner/ Petitioner of the Petitioner Respondent/ Appellant (B) (C) AND (D) Here insert the name/names Petitioner/ Respondent of Respondent Respondent/ Appellant (E) (F) To Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India and His Companion Judges of the Supreme Court of India. 
 The Special Leave Petition of the Petitioner most respectfully showeth:
 1. The petitioner / petitioners above named respectfully submits this petition seeking special leave to appeal against the judgment/order of (Here specify the Court / Tribunal against whose order the leave to appeal is sought for together with number of the case, date of the order and nature of the order such as allowing or dismissing the matter or granting or refusing the interim order, etc.) 
 2. QUESTIONS OF LAW : The following questions of the law arise for consideration by this Hon’ble Court : (Here set out the questions of law arising for consideration precisely) 

3. DECLARATION IN TERMS OF RULE 3(2) : The petitioner states that no other petition seeking leave to appeal has been filed by him against the impugned judgment and order. 

4. DECLARATION IN TERMS OF RULE 5: The Annexures produced alongwith the SLP are true copies of the pleadings/documents which formed part of the records of the case in the Court / Tribunal below against whose order the leave to appeal is sought for in this petition. 

5. GROUNDS : Leave to appeal is sought for on the following grounds. (Here specify the grounds precisely and clearly) 

6. GROUNDS FOR INTERIM RELIEF : (Here specify briefly the grounds on which interim relief is sought for) 

7. MAIN PRAYER : (Here set out the main prayer) 

8. INTERIM RELIEF : (Here set out the interim prayer) 
Place : Advocate for the petitioner 
Date: 
Settled by : (Specify the name of the Advocate in case where the petition is settled by an advocate.) ----------------------

*                                       *                                        * 

You can draft a petition keeping in mind the guidance there in and may take help from this specimen cited above.

 
SLP Supreme Court

 

Tags: #Sample Petition #Special Leave Petition, #Sample Petition Against Nation Commission Order, 

#Sample Petition Against Consumer Forum Order, #Appeal Against Consumer Forum Order,  #SLP, #SLP Format, #SLP Specimen #SLP Draft #SLP Sample #Sample Of Special Leave Petition

 
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