Caste Discrimination and Legal Studies in India

From a legal perspective, India has indeed abolished the caste system, and the legislation stipulates that the government has a low caste ratio in state-owned enterprises, public utilities, private capital, and foreign companies. It is enforced. 

In India, caste equality is actually political correctness, which is actually unfair to high castes. The indiscriminate entry of many professional institutions from low castes has affected the development of India, such as high-precision industrial hospitals, scientific research and education units, Hindustan Airlines and other Indian military industries. This is due to a big reason. 

Deprivation for Low Caste People and Opportunities

It is difficult for low castes to have the opportunity to receive higher education. After all, India implements an elite education system, and the admission rate is extremely low. Although the cost is not high, it does not have a relatively affluent life. Lower castes go home early to take care of their families.

Caste Development and Academics of Law

The caste system has been integrated into all aspects. Cultural thoughts and folklore concepts are deeply rooted. Lower castes rarely engage in occupations other than caste-related traditions, because in Hinduism you can obtain karma from a caste-related profession, and karma is a kind of Buddhist merit.

Education in Law, LLB LLM, PCS (J) for SC ST OBC

 Things, the fruit of seeking and going after life through karma, there is no karma to engage in occupations other than caste. Hinduism has formed and perfected ideas similar to the Chinese Confucian ethical system or the Western chivalry code. 

You only need to follow this set of life thinking standards and strictly restrict yourself to obtain karma. Violation is the crime of accumulation. This confines you from the perspective of ideology and belief to break through the class and professional pursuit of progress, provides yourself with spiritual comfort that does not seek to make progress, is content with the status quo, and delivers everything to the gods of religious destiny.

SC - Scheduled Caste Application Form (Specimen)

Self-Declaration

I  ________________________________________S/o/D/o Sh._______________________________

aged _______________R/o____________________________________________________________

Verify as Under:

I.            That the above contents are correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and nothing has been concealed therein.

I further affirm that-

II.            I am aware that in case the information furnished above is found to be incorrect, I shall be liable for prosecution under section 177 & 191 of the Indian Penal Code, which stipulates as under:-

177. Furnishing False Information- whoever, being legally bound to furnish information on any subject to any public servant, as such, furnishes, as true, information on the subject which he knows or has a reason to believe to be false, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both;

Or, if the information which he is legally bound to give respects the commission of an offence, or is required for the purpose of preventing the commission of an offence, or in order to the apprehension of an offender, with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

191.   Giving false evidence- Whoever being legally bound by an oath or by an express provision of law to state the truth, or being bound by law to make a declaration upon any subject, makes any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false or does not believe to be true, is said to give false evidence.

III.            Providing any false evidance shall be punishable under section 193 of IPC, 1860 which provides imprisonment for a term upto three years and fine.

APPLICATION FORM – SURVIVING MEMBER CERTIFICATE

Enclosures required applying for SC / ST certificate (tentative, consult local authorities for exact)

Slno. | Name of the document | Allowed document enclosures 

1. Birth Proof Birth Certificate SSLC Admit Card, Other Birth Proof (These docs may be accepted if born before 1989) 

2. Residential Proof EPIC/Voter's Card Electricity Bill Patta Ration Card Any other Residential Proof 

3. Supporting Document Self/Parent/Guardian EPIC Card 

4. Parent ST Certificate ST Certificate of Parent/Siblings Mandatory for children below 18 years 

5. NOC from Clan NOC from clan in case of mixed marriage 

6. Adoption Proof Court Order/Registered Adoption Deed Mandatory only in case of adopted child 

7. ST Proof – Other State ST Proof of either parent Mandatory in case the parents have obtained ST proof from other State 

Points to be noted while uploading or scanning of enclosures 

 The photograph must be properly cropped and uploaded (min – 20kb, max- 100 kb). 

Only coloured photo to be uploaded while filling in the application form. 

 The documents must be scanned properly. (e.g While scanning for EPIC, scan both sides and 

 upload as one .pdf document) 

 If there are additional enclosures that you want to submit, you can upload in “Others” enclosure. 

 (If the applicant is above 18 years while applying for ST certificate, the application will not ask ST proof of Parent, but if the applicant has the same document, then he may upload it as Other Document.) 

 If enclosure head in “ST of Parent” and you have both mothers and father’s ST, then scan both the documents as one .pdf and upload. 

 The maximum size of pdf that can be uploaded is 1 MB per document. Therefore while scanning a document, scan as 75 or 100 DPI. 

Chinese Companies Utility Indian Lawyers and Law Firms

The terms compliance and compliance risk are now becoming more and more familiar to Chinese companies. Many Chinese companies have also established systems such as corporate lawyers or legal consultants to ensure that companies maximize their economic benefits. At the same time, it will not touch the "red line" of the law and cause damage to its interests.

In many cases, a company’s project requires a lawyer or a team of lawyers from a law firm to complete the project. For investing in India, limited by information, how to choose a reliable law firm is a big problem for Chinese companies.

First of all, India’s current legal market is not open to foreign lawyers and law firms. If there are Chinese citizens undertaking business in the name of "lawyers in India", it is definitely illegal. What's more, they have not obtained an Indian work visa. Under the circumstances, hold a business visa or student visa to work illegally in India. 

Once seized, not only will they be deported, but the reputation of Chinese companies that accept legal services from them will also be significantly affected, and their projects will also have an irreversible impact. 

India also prohibits foreign law firms from setting up branches in India, especially law firms established in other countries under a unified brand, while setting up branches in India. There is currently no foreign law firm in India.

Foreign Law Firm Offices in China

This is different from China allowing foreign law firms to set up representative offices in China, because when India joined the WTO before, it made a corresponding reservation (Reservation), which is the opposite of China. China allows foreign law firms to open representative offices in China. 

 But it is forbidden for foreign arbitration institutions to come to China to establish representative offices (there has been a loosening recently). India allows foreign arbitration institutions to establish representative offices in India, and does not allow foreign law firms to establish representative offices in India.

The following timeline shows how this issue is handled in Indian legislation and judicial practice:

l In 1961, India passed the Lawyers Act, which stipulates that only members of the Bar Council can provide legal services in India, and members of the Bar Council can only be citizens of India.

l After India joined the WTO in the 1990s, a large number of foreign law firms sought to establish representative offices or service agencies in India. 

This behavior was considered to violate the provisions of the Lawyers Act of 1961, which caused a backlash from local lawyers in India At present, this case is still under appeal, and the direct result of this case is that no foreign law firm currently has a representative office or service organization in India.

l In 2009, the Mumbai High Court ruled that all foreign lawyers should not engage in any legal practice-related activities in India.

l In 2012, the Madras High Court passed a ruling that it considers that it is okay for foreign lawyers to visit India on a temporary basis to interpret foreign legal issues required by clients, and also allow foreign lawyers to go to India to handle foreign-related arbitration cases. This principle is called "Fly In Fly Out", which is the "fast in and out" principle.

l In 2018, the Supreme Court of India further explained the principle of "fast in and out" determined by the Madras High Court and clarified many issues.

In addition to restrictions on foreign-owned law firms, the Bar Council of India has recently also imposed requirements on accounting firms in India, prohibiting them from engaging in legal business, and has issued legal notices to EY, KPMG, Deloitte and PwC. 

The Big Four accounting firms in China issued a letter of inquiry, asking them to clarify the recruitment of lawyers to work under their subsidiaries. Because accounting and auditing firms are engaged in legal business, they are also prohibited by the Indian Lawyers Act.

Although the law stipulates that foreign law firms and foreign lawyers are not allowed to practice in India, India is, after all, an investment destination with rapid economic growth. There are still many Chinese lawyers and law firms willing to take risks and adopt various "disguise" methods in India. Practice, and methods of disguise include but are not limited to:

1: Find an Indian to register a law firm, but it is actually under the control of the Chinese headquarters, that is, "selling dog meat at the head of the sheep";

2: The Indian law firm and the Chinese headquarters have the same name and image logo;

3: Do not adopt the name of a law firm, but adopt the name of consulting company, consulting company, etc.

Regrettably, based on the regulations of the Indian Bar Association, the above behavior has long been judged to be illegal. 

For example, the Madras High Court ruled that there are only word processing, administrative secretary assistance (secretarial support), transcription services, proof reading services, and travel that do not involve legal opinions. 

Travel desk support is considered non-legal service. All other side-kick behaviors will result in penalties for violating Indian laws.

Therefore, if a Chinese law says that it has a branch or representative office in India, this statement must be problematic. Of course, in practice, many Chinese law firms will cooperate with Indian law firms in order to provide better services to clients.

 If the Indian legal affairs of a Chinese company also involve Chinese law business, for example, a Chinese company is a listed company, its mergers and acquisitions in India need to comply with Chinese laws. 

In this case, Chinese lawyers are definitely needed. The firm is involved. Of course, in practice, some companies also have strong internal legal teams or corporate lawyers, which can directly connect with Indian law firms.

Since foreign lawyers and foreign law firms are prohibited from practising in India, which means that any Indian legal business can only be done by Indian law firms.

How to find a reliable Indian law firm? 

What Chinese companies can do is to go to the website of the Indian Bar Association to inquire about a law firm that is officially certified by India. Through the inquiry, it is clear whether the lawyer is a grass-roots team or a regular firm.

In addition, Chinese companies can also use the rankings of authoritative rating agencies such as Chambers & Partners to look at the evaluation of alternative law firms by professional law firm ranking agencies. Of course, the most important thing is to consider whether it has more experience in undertaking Chinese customers and Chinese projects.

The service quotations of lawyers and other professional institutions are different, and their fees are related to their professional experience, scale, reputation, etc. But generally law firms will have their hourly rates, and Chinese clients will generally ask for them an overall fixed cap cost (Fixed Cap). 

For commercial cases (such as investment, mergers and acquisitions, etc.), it is common to adopt capped and packaged expenses, while in cases where the time of litigation, arbitration and other cases cannot be estimated, hourly expenses are more frequently used. 

Generally, Indian law firms will specify some additional expenses (Out of Pocket Expenses, such as travel expenses, cross-border document delivery fees, cross-border teleconference communication fees, etc.) and taxes (such as services in India) in the contract. Tax) are borne by the client or paid by the law firm and then reimbursed by the client. 

Another point very different from China is that India prohibits risk agency, that is, lawyers are not allowed to charge legal service fees in the form of success fees. One point needs to be understood by Chinese investors in advance.

Are Chinese Investors choosing local Indian Law Firms?

In addition, since India is a federal country, many smaller Indian local law firms may not have the qualifications to practice in other states other than their registered address. Therefore, Chinese investors are choosing Indian local law firms.

 It is also necessary to ask whether it is qualified to practice in the state where the investor intends to seek legal services. Of course, considering the convenience of the service, if the local major city has an office or branch, it is also worth considering for Chinese companies. 

Sub-items, such as having a branch or support team at the project site are still very useful for advancing the project. 

To give a simple example, when conducting land due diligence, the author once encountered the project site in Tamil, the southernmost part of India. In Nadu state, a large number of documents of the local land administration are made in the local language Tamil. 

If you choose a law firm with offices only in northern India (mostly in northern India), it will handle the land due diligence. There may be problems in file processing efficiency and accuracy.

Fines Charged and Legal Help

In fact, compared with the investment amount and the project target amount, lawyers and legal fees are like a few dollars of parking fees, no matter how cheap they are, some people will think it is expensive, but suddenly a ticket is posted on the car, asking him to pay 200 yuan for illegal parking. 

When a fine is imposed, most people will feel that they would have been willing to pay 20 yuan for parking! When there is a problem with the project or the company, and it loses millions or tens of millions, it is discovered that the legal consultant fee of tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands is really cheap and cost-effective compared with the loss, like a drop of water in the ocean. 

It is a pity that it is too late. It is the calmness and calmness that show the function of a lawyer, and the troubles that show the value of a lawyer. 

At present, the ability of China and India to obtain reliable information and distinguish whether the project is reliable is what many Chinese companies are not good at. 

In addition to strengthening the company’s own legal and business teams’ understanding of India, the most important thing is to rely on Indian professionals to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the project before entering.

About Indian Law Firm Linklegal

India Daheng Zhucheng Law Firm is a law firm legally established in accordance with Indian laws. It is approved to practice in all states in India and has the qualifications to appear in the Supreme Court of India. 

The law firm is also registered with the Indian Bar Association. The law firm includes Delhi, Mumbai, Gurgaon, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore have branches in major commercial cities in India, and set up a dedicated Chinese affairs department. Since 2010, the firm has helped hundreds of Chinese companies invest in India.