International Development Association UN-IDA of the UN

The International Development Association, UN-IDA of the United Nations

The International Development Association (IDA) is one of the two major affiliates of the World Bank. It was officially established on September 24, 1960, and opened for business in November of the same year. The purpose of the association is to provide preferential long-term loans to low-income countries to promote their economic development. The loan target is limited to the governments of member countries, mainly used to develop agriculture, transportation, electronics, education and other aspects.

No interest is charged on the loan, and only a handling fee of 0.75% of the amount paid is charged annually.

From January 1982, a 0.5% commitment fee will be levied annually on the unpaid portion. The final repayment period of the loan is 50 years, with no repayment for the first 10 years, 1% for each year in the second 10 years, and 3% for each year thereafter, which can be repaid in the currency of the borrowing country.

UN Organization Name: International Development Association, IDA

Founded in: 1960

Abbreviated IDA

Member 169 Member States

Headquarters: Washington, America

Basic Profile of International Development Association

Full name in English: (International Development Association)

Responsible person: The current chairman is Jin Chenyong (American medicine professor), a Korean American, who took office on July 1, 2012 for a term of 5 years.

Organizational structure: The board of directors is the highest decision-making body, and the board of directors composed of donor countries is responsible for handling daily operations.

Main activities: Hold a regular spring meeting and an annual meeting with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development every year.

What is the Organization Structure of International Development Association (IDA)?

Council

All power of the International Development Association rests with the Council. Where a member of the World Bank is also a member of the Association, the bank director and deputy director appointed by it are also the director and deputy director of the association according to their powers.

The deputy director has no right to vote except in the absence of the director. The President of the World Bank Council is also the President of the International Development Association Council.

The board of directors shall hold an annual meeting once a year. The quorum to attend the meeting shall be more than half of the directors and shall hold no less than 2/3 of the total voting rights.

The Council has the right to decide:

The conditions for the admission of new members and the admission of its membership.
To approve additional subscriptions and to determine the relevant provisions and conditions.
Temporarily suspend membership of the Member States
To adjudicate objections arising from the interpretation of the location of the Association’s provisions by the Executive Board.
Stop the association's business and distribute its assets forever.
Determine the distribution of the association's net income.

The first founding member state of the Council has the right to vote with 500 votes, plus an additional vote for every $ 5,000 of its first subscription.

The voting rights that should be enjoyed by the location of shares other than the initial subscription shall be determined by the Council according to the circumstances.

Unless otherwise specified, all matters of the Association shall be adopted by the principle of simple majority.

Executive Board Responsible for handling the daily business of the association

The elected executive director of the World Bank, the country where the seat is located, is a member of the Association and has the right to vote in the International Development Association.

Every director has the right to vote as a unit. When a director is absent, the deputy board of directors appointed by him shall assume all his powers.

When a director is present, the deputy director may attend the meeting, but has no voting rights.

The quorum for executive board meetings shall be more than half of the directors and exercise at least 1/2 of the total voting rights.

Funds

Subscription of shares

When accepting membership, each Member State shall bear the additional share subscription amount, that is, the parity subscription.

The amount of initial subscription allocated to each founding member country is expressed in US dollars (this dollar is based on the gold content and condition of the US dollar on January 1, 1960).

The 10% portion of each founding member's initial subscription shall be paid in gold or freely convertible currency.

The remaining 90% of the part, if it belongs to the member state of each part (payment country), should be paid in gold or freely convertible currency.

If it belongs to the second part of the member state (borrowing country), you can use the subscription member state Payment in domestic currency.

This part of the share capital should be paid in 5 installments annually.

According to the completion status of the initial subscription payment of the founding member countries, the International Development Association can check whether its funds are sufficient.

If it thinks it necessary, it can approve the general increase in the subscription amount.

Once the additional subscriptions are approved, the Chinese associations can subscribe for a certain amount of shares under the conditions determined by the International Development Association, so that they can maintain the corresponding voting rights. But Member States have no obligation to subscribe.

Currency use

The currency of any member country (borrowing country) included in the second category, regardless of whether it is freely convertible or not, shall be accepted by the Association for the payment of 90% of its due portion in the currency of the member country in accordance with regulations.

The currency of the country derived from the money for the principal, interest and other expenses can be used by the association to pay the expenses of the association's bank where it is located on the territory of the member country.

As long as it meets proper monetary policy, it can also be used to pay for goods and services produced in the territory of the Member State and required for the location of the project funded by the Association in the territory of the Member State.

In addition, the economic and financial situation of the current Member State.

When the reliability has been reached, the currency of the Member State shall be freely convertible or may be used for projects funded by the Association outside the territory of the Member State.

The subscription currency, supplementary capital currency, and the currency derived from the principal, interest and other expenses derived from this, the use method is subject to the conditions stipulated when accepting the currency.

All other currencies accepted by the association can be freely used or exchanged, not subject to any restrictions on Member States whose currencies are used or exchanged.

However, the association and the Member State where the funding project is located can also restrict the association’s use of the member’s currency.

Monetary value

When the face value of a member’s currency decreases, or the association believes that the foreign exchange value of a member country’s preference has greatly depreciated within its territory, the member state shall make an additional domestic currency payment to the association.

This, it should do within a reasonable time in order to maintain the The Member State shall pay to the Association’s currency in accordance with the regulations at the time of subscription and the sufficient value of the amount of currency provided by the location.

But this situation only applies if the currency has never been paid or exchanged for another as the part of the currency of the Member State.

In addition, the amount to be paid in order to maintain the value of any currency should be as convertible and usable as the currency.

On the contrary, when the face value of the currency of a member country increases, or the association believes that the foreign exchange value of the currency of the member country has risen to a considerable extent within the territory, the association shall refund the member country a sum of the currency of the country within a reasonable time.

The additional burden is equal to the value of this increase in the amount of money.

Business operation

Use of funds and conditions for providing funds

The funds provided by the International Development Association are intended to promote the economic development of underdeveloped Member States.

It adheres to the principle of giving priority to serving developing countries, and uses funds for specific projects according to the actual situation.

If the legal person in the loan can obtain a loan from the World Bank or a private association, it will not provide funding.

The loan application should be carefully reviewed by a qualified committee to make recommendations.

Such committees should all be appointed by the association, including one person nominated by the director (s) representing the Member State (s) of the project location (one or several) under consideration. And one or several technicians who are stubborn.

If the members of the project location object to this funding, the association does not provide funding for the project.

When providing funds to public and international or regional organizations, the committee members do not need to be nominated by the member country of the project, and the association does not need to know whether there are individual Member States opposed to loans.

The association shall not impose conditions that restrict the use of loans in a country or a country that causes a particular member state.

However, it is also allowed to restrict the use of funds in accordance with regulations, including restrictions imposed on supplementary funds based on the agreement between the association and the funder.

The loan of the association is only used for the purpose of providing the loan, and full attention should be paid to economical, efficient and competitive international trade, and it must not involve political or other non-economic issues.

It can only be provided when payment is made to determine the relevant expenses incurred due to the funded project.

Funding methods and conditions

The IDA's funding generally takes the form of loans, but also other forms of funding.

There are 2 ways:

First, from the perspective of the prescribed subscribed funds, the funds are derived from the funds and derived from the principal, interest or other expenses; or under special circumstances, from the supplementary funds provided to the association, and from the funds derived from this section are provided as funds derived from principal, interest or other expenses.

Second, after noting the economic conditions and development prospects of the relevant areas and the nature and requirements of the funded projects, the International Development Association may consider it appropriate Provide funding in a manner and condition.

The association provides financial assistance to member states (including the government and its subordinate political departments within a certain region of the association's members), public and private entities within the territory, and international or regional organizations.

When lending to entities rather than to Member States, the Association may, as appropriate, request appropriate government guarantees or other guarantees.

Under special circumstances, the association can provide foreign exchange for local expenses.

Amendment of funding conditions

The International Development Association may agree to relax or otherwise revise the funding conditions it has provided according to the conditions determined by it, according to the relevant conditions (including the financial and economic conditions of the relevant Member States and their development prospects), as it deems appropriate.

Other business

Borrow funds with the consent of Member States
Provide guarantees for the securities invested by the association to facilitate the sale of securities
Securities issued, guaranteed, or invested by the Association
Under special circumstances, guarantee other loans that meet the prescribed purposes
Provide technical assistance and advisory services requested by Member States
Exercise other powers to promote the purpose of the association

Prohibition of political activities

The International Development Association and its officials must not interfere in the political affairs of any Member State.

The Association’s decision should be the result of weighing various economic factors, and should not be affected by any political aspects of the Member State. This is so as to truly achieve the purpose of the Association’s location response.

Relationship

What is the Relationship between the International Development Association and the World Bank?

The International Development Association and the World Bank are independent entities, and the funds of the Association and the World Bank are also kept separately.

The association may not borrow funds from the World Bank nor lend funds to the World Bank.

The association may invest funds not needed for loan business in bonds issued by the World Bank.

The association may coordinate and communicate with the World Bank on matters such as facilities, personnel and anti-provision of services, as well as the reimbursement of administrative expenses paid by one organization for the other.

The Association is not responsible for any actions or debts of the World Bank, nor is the World Bank responsible for the actions or debts of the Association.

Relations between China and the International Development Association

China's participation: In 1980, China resumed its legal seat in the World Bank Group and became a member of the International Development Association.

China has 344,829 voting rights in the International Development Association, accounting for 1.88% of the total voting rights. As of July 1999, the association has provided a total of 10.2 billion US dollars of soft loans to China.

A total of 69 projects were implemented, and from July 1999, the International Development Association stopped providing loans to China.

In December 2007, China donated US $ 30 million to the International Development Association.

Who can Borrow from International Development Association?

Borrower: Whether a country is eligible for IDA assistance, the primary deciding factor is its relative poverty.

The latter is defined as per capita gross national income falling below a certain, updated threshold every year (FY2007: $ 1,025).

IDA also provides assistance to certain countries with economic conditions above the business threshold, but does not have the credit to borrow from IBRD, including several small island countries.

Some countries (such as India and Pakistan) are eligible for IDA assistance based on per capita income levels, but they also have the credit to borrow from IBRD. They are called "hybrid" countries.

82 countries are eligible for IDA assistance.

These countries have a total population of 2.5 billion, accounting for half of the world's total population.

It is estimated that 1.5 billion people in these countries depend on income of US $ 2 or less per day to support themselves.

International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO of the United Nations

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) of the United Nations

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It was established in 1944 to promote the safe and orderly development of civil aviation worldwide. Headquartered in Montreal, Canada, ICAO formulates international air transport standards and regulations and is the medium for cooperation among 191 Contracting States (as of 2011) in the field of civil aviation.

On September 28, 2013, China was re-elected as a first class member at the 38th ICAO General Assembly held in Montreal, Canada.

UN Organization Name: International Civil Aviation Organization

Headquarter Location: Montreal, Canada

Chinese abbreviation: International Civil Aviation Organization

Acronym: ICAO

Official website: http://www.icao.int

Founding Date: December 7, 1944

Founding location: Chicago, USA

Location: United Nations specialized agencies

Members: 191 Contracting States

President of the Council: Olumuyva Bernard Alliu

Secretary: Liu Fang

History of The International Civil Aviation Organization?

The International Civil Aviation Organization (International Civil Aviation Organization) was formerly known as the International Air Navigation Commission (ICAO) established under the Paris Convention of 1919.

Since the Second World War played a huge role in promoting the development of aircraft technology, the world has formed a route network including passenger and cargo transportation.
But it has also caused a series of political issues that urgently need to be resolved by the international community and also technical issues. Therefore, at the invitation of the US government, 52 countries from November 1 to December 7, 944, who participated in the international conference held in Chicago, signed the "International Civil Aviation Convention" (commonly known as the "Chicago Convention"), and established the Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization (PICAO) in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.

On April 4, 1947, the "Chicago Convention" came into effect, and ICAO was formally established. The first meeting was held on May 6. On May 13 of the same year, ICAO officially became a specialized agency of the United Nations.

On December 31, 1947, the International Air Navigation Commission terminated and transferred its assets to the International Civil Aviation Organization.

What is the Legal Status of The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)?

1. The International Civil Aviation Organization is the subject of international law. This subject qualification is granted by the member states through the Chicago Convention. Article 47 of the Chicago Convention stipulates:
"The Organization shall have the legal capacity necessary to perform its functions in the territory of the Contracting State. Anyone who does not contravene the constitution and laws of the relevant country shall recognize its full legal personality."

At the same time, the Chicago Convention also specifies the rights and obligations of ICAO as an independent entity in international exchanges.

It should be said that it already possesses the three characteristics that a subject of international law must possess, that is, it must have the ability to carry out international exchanges independently.

It must have the rights directly granted by international law and must constitute an equal entity in the international community.

2. The rights and behavioral capabilities of ICAO are mainly manifested in:

Coordinate international civil aviation relations. Efforts to coordinate the relations and practices of various countries in various fields of international civil aviation, formulate unified standards, and promote the healthy and orderly development of international civil aviation.

Resolve international civil aviation disputes. Over the years, ICAO has acted as a coordinator and has played an irreplaceable role in coordinating relations among nations; concluding international treaties.

ICAO not only participates in the formulation of international treaties, but also signs international treaties as parties to treaties;

Privileges and immunities. Representatives of ICAO member states and officials of the organization enjoy the privileges and immunities necessary to achieve the organization’s purpose and perform their duties in the field of each member state.

Participate in the formulation of international aviation law. Under the auspices of ICAO, many international conventions involving various aspects of civil aviation activities have been formulated, ranging from amendments to the Chicago Convention and its annexes to the suppression of illegal acts that illegally interfere with the safety of civil aviation, as well as a series of Series of international documents.

3. ICAO is an intergovernmental international organization and a specialized agency of the United Nations.

ICAO is an official international organization in which sovereign states participate in the name of their own governments.

The legal body that obtains membership in ICAO is the state, and it is their legal government that represents these countries.
In this regard, Chapter 21 of the Chicago Convention clearly stipulates that any other non-political entities and groups may be queued up to become members of ICAO.
Also, more than two government agencies may be queued to represent the same country as ICAO. The possibility of members.

4. ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations.

In 1946, the United Nations and ICAO signed an agreement on their relationship, which entered into force on May 13, 1947.

Accordingly, ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations. This type of specialized agency refers to an intergovernmental specialized international organization that has established a legal relationship with the United Nations through a special agreement or has been created by the decision of the United Nations and has "broad international responsibilities" for a specific business area.

But they are not affiliated agencies of the United Nations, but enjoy an autonomous status in the entire United Nations system.

Coordination and unification are an important principle of the relationship between these specialized agencies and the United Nations. The United Nations recognizes ICAO’s functions within its mandate.

ICAO recognizes that the United Nations has the right to make recommendations and coordinate its activities. It also regularly submits work reports to the United Nations and sends representatives to each other’s meetings without the right to vote. An organization can also participate in the work of another organization as needed.

What is the Purpose of The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)?

The purpose and purpose of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is to develop the principles and technologies of international navigation and promote the planning and development of international air transport in order to achieve the following objectives:

To ensure the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation worldwide.

Encourage the design and operation of aircraft for peaceful uses.

Encourage the development of airways, airports and navigation facilities for international civil aviation applications.

Meet the needs of the people of the world for safe, normal, effective and economic air transportation.

Prevent economic waste due to unreasonable competition.

Ensure that the rights of the contracting states are fully respected, and that each contracting state has a fair opportunity to operate an international air transport enterprise.

To avoid differential treatment between Contracting States; to promote flight safety in international navigation.

To generally promote the development of international civil aviation in all aspects.

The above nine articles involve two aspects of international navigation and international air transport.
The former is a technical issue, mainly security.
The latter is an economic and legal issue, mainly fair and reasonable, respecting sovereignty.

The common purpose of the two is to ensure the safe, normal, effective and orderly development of international civil aviation.

What is the Organization Structure of The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)?

ICAO consists of a three-level framework of the Assembly, Council and Secretariat.

Chairman of the Council Aliu (Olumuyiwa Bernard Aliu, Nigerian), who took office in 2013, will serve until 2016.

Secretary General Liu Fang (Chinese) was elected in March 2015 and will serve until 2018.

What is ICAO General Assembly?

The Assembly is the highest authority of ICAO and is composed of all Member States.

The General Assembly is convened by the Council and is usually held every three years.

In special circumstances or after more than one-fifth of the Member States request the Secretary-General, a special meeting may be convened.

General Assembly resolutions are generally passed by more than half.

Each member country participating in the conference has only one vote. However, in some cases, such as any amendments to the Chicago Convention, a two-thirds majority vote is required.

The main functions of the conference are:

To elect members of the council
To review the reports of the council, to propose a work plan for the next three years
Vote on the annual financial budget
To authorize the necessary powers of the council to perform its duties
To withdraw or change this at any time Power, to consider proposals to amend the Chicago Convention
Consider other proposals submitted to the General Assembly
To implement agreements signed with international organizations, to deal with other matters, etc.

During the convening of the conference, it is generally divided into five committees: conference, administration, technology, law, and economy to discuss and decide on various matters, and then submit to the conference for consideration.

What is ICAO Council?

The Council is a permanent body accountable to the General Assembly and is composed of 33 Contracting States elected by the Assembly.

The board of directors is divided into three categories:

The first category is the member states that are particularly important in the field of air transport
Second category is the member states that have made outstanding contributions to the development of the provision of international air transport.
The third category is the regional representative member states. The proportional distribution is 10:11:12.

The ICAO Council has a Chairman

The chairman is elected by the board of directors for a three-year term and can be re-elected.

The council meets three times a year, and each meeting lasts about two months.

There are eight committees under the council for finance, technical cooperation, illegal interference, navigation, new navigation system, transportation, joint navigation and Edward Award.
Before each council meeting, each committee meets separately to submit documents, reports or questions to the council.

The main responsibilities of the Council include:
Implementation of the General Assembly’s mandate and reporting to the General Assembly on the implementation of the Organization and the countries’ conventions.

Management of the Organization’s finances
Leading the work of its subordinate agencies; adoption of the Convention’s annexes.

To study and participate in issues related to the development and operation of international air transport and notify member states to adjudicate disputes and violations of the Chicago Convention.

The current ICAO President of the Council, Olumuywa Bernard Aleu, was elected in 2014 and will hold the position until January 1, 2020.

On November 25, 2019, Salvatore Sciacchitano was elected as the new ICAO Council President, and Salvatore Sciacchitano will officially begin its three-year term on January 1, 2020.

What is ICAO Secretariat?

The Secretariat is the permanent administrative organization of ICAO. The Secretary-General is responsible for ensuring the smooth progress of ICAO's work.

The Secretary-General is appointed by the Council, and the current Secretary-General is General Costa Pereira (Brazilian).

The secretariat has five bureaus including:

The Air Navigation Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau
Legal Bureau
The Technical Cooperation Bureau
The Administration Bureau, as well as the Finance Office and the Foreign Affairs Office.

In addition, the Secretariat has a Regional Affairs Office and seven regional offices, located in Bangkok, Cairo, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nerovar and Paris.

The regional office is directly led by the Secretary-General and its main task is to establish and assist the contracting States to implement international standards and construction measures established by ICAO and regional planning.

The International Civil Aviation Organization Members

The qualifications of ICAO members are regulated by the 1944 Chicago Convention and the agreement between ICAO and the United Nations.

1. Membership of ICAO

Each country obtains ICAO membership by ratifying and acceding to the Chicago Convention.

The Chicago Convention stipulates that the Convention will enter into force after it has been ratified by 26 countries. Therefore, the 26 countries that initially ratified the Convention became the founding members of ICAO.

The founding member does not have any privileges, and has the same rights and obligations as the members who subsequently join.

After the convention comes into force, it will be open for accession, but the scope is limited to the member states of the United Nations, the countries that are united with the members of the United Nations, or the neutral countries in the Second World War.

At the same time, the convention also allows other countries to join, but it needs the permission of the United Nations and the General Assembly to pass four-fifths of the votes.

If the country invaded or attacked another country in the Second World War, it must be invaded or After the consent of the attacking country, ICAO forwards the application to the General Assembly of the United Nations.

If the Assembly does not propose to reject the application at the first meeting after receiving the first application, ICAO can.

The Convention provides for approval of the applicant country to join ICAO.

2. Suspension or suspension of voting rights

According to the provisions of the Chicago Convention, any member country that fails to fulfill its financial obligations or violates the provisions of the Convention on disputes and breach of contract within a reasonable period of time will be suspended or suspended from voting in the General Assembly and the Council.

If the UN General Assembly recommends refusing a government to participate in an international institution established or related to the UN, the country automatically loses its membership in ICAO.

However, after the county’s application is approved by the majority of the Council and approved by the United Nations General Assembly, its membership can be restored.

3. Withdrawal from the Convention

Any Contracting State may withdraw from the Convention one year after the date of service of the notice of withdrawal from the Chicago Convention and withdraw from ICAO.

If the resolution of the amendment to the relevant convention stipulates that any country fails to ratify within the prescribed period after the amendment takes effect, it will lose its membership in ICAO.

For a State party that has not fulfilled this obligation, it has been denied membership.

ICAO Member States (188)

Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape verde
Central Africa
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Island
Costa rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Ivory Coast
Korea
Congo (Citizen)
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco
Micronesia
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Nerlands
new Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Niger
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Papua New Guinea
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Korea
Moldova
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Santa lucia
Samoa
San Marino
Saint puerto
Senegal
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Saint Vincent and Grenada
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Solomon Islands
Serbia and Montenegro
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Thailand
Tajikistan
Macedonia
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Trinidad Tobago
Uganda
Ukraine
UAE
United Kingdom
Tanzania
United States
Uzbekistan
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

What are the main activities of The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)?

In accordance with the authorization of the Chicago Convention, ICAO develops principles and technologies for international navigation.

In the past two decades, various new technologies have developed rapidly, and the global economy has also undergone tremendous changes in the environment, posing an unprecedented challenge to the international civil aviation navigation and transportation management system.

In order to enhance work efficiency and pertinence, and continue to maintain its leading position in international civil aviation, ICAO has formulated a strategic work plan, redefined the focus of work, and approved its implementation by its council in February 1997.

(1) Regulations (Constitutional Affairs)

Revise the current international civil aviation regulations and formulate new legal documents.
The main items are:

Urge more countries to join subsection 3 of the Chicago Convention on the non-use of force against civil aircraft and subsection 83 of the transfer of certain safety responsibilities from the country of registration of the aircraft to the user when chartering, leasing and replacing aircraft (Our country has joined).

Urge more countries to join the International Flight Transit Agreement (China has not yet joined).

Drafted the "New Warsaw Convention" on a unified carrier's liability system.

Draft an international legal framework on navigation satellite services.

(2) Navigation (Air Navigation)

It is the main work of ICAO to develop and update international technical standards and recommended measures on navigation.

17 of the 18 annexes of the Chicago Convention are related to navigation technology.

The strategic work plan requires that this work keep up with the pace of development of international civil aviation and maintain the applicability of these standards and recommended measures.

It is the International Civil Aviation Organization’s “Regional Planning”

To plan international airway networks in various regions.
Authorize relevant countries to provide navigational aids and air traffic and meteorological services for international navigation
Make recommendations on the navigational facilities and services of countries within their own territories.

Air Navigation Planning) is operated by 7 regional offices.
As countries increasingly pursue their interests in international navigation, conflicts and disputes are increasing, making it difficult for the ICAO unified navigation plan to be fully implemented.

The strategic work plan requires strengthening the effectiveness of regional planning mechanisms and better coordinating the different requirements of various countries.

(3) Safety Oversight Program

The global major civil aviation accident rate averages 1.44 sorties / million sorties.

With the increase in air traffic, if this ratio does not decrease, the absolute number of accidents will also rise to an unacceptable level.

The ICAO has implemented safety inspection plans since the early 1990s.

The main content is that all countries accept on a voluntary basis ICAO’s assessment of the completeness of their aviation authority safety regulations and the safety level of airline operations.
This plan has been developed into a mandatory "Safety Audit Program" at the 32nd Congress, requiring all Contracting States to undergo an ICAO safety assessment.

Safety issues exist not only in aircraft operations, but also in other areas of navigation, such as air traffic control and airport operations.

In order to cover aspects not covered by the safety inspection plan, ICAO has also launched the "Program for Identifying Safety Shortcomings in the Air Navigation Field" program.

As a theoretical study of aviation safety, currently implemented projects include "Human Factors" and "Prevention of Controlled Flight into Terrain".

(4) Stop illegal interference (Aviation Security)

To prevent illegal interference is China's so-called security or air defense security.

The focus of this work is to urge Contracting States to strengthen the security of the airport in accordance with the standards and recommended measures stipulated in Annex 17 "Security", while vigorously launching the ICAO’s security training program.

(5) Implementation of the new navigation system (ICAO CNS / ATM Systems)

The new navigation system, "ICAO Communication, Navigation, Surveillance / Air Traffic Control System", is a revolutionary navigation system integrating computer network technology, satellite navigation and communication technology, and high-speed digital data communication technology.
It will replace the current Base navigation system greatly improves navigation efficiency.

It was proposed by an international organization in the late 1980s.
The concept was completed in the early 1990s and the global plan has now entered the transitional implementation stage.

There are still many non-technical problems to be solved for this new system to be universally applicable worldwide. Difficulties to be overcome by the strategic work plan include:
The legal framework of satellite navigation service (GNSS), operating agencies, coordination and cooperation of global, regional and national implementation progress, financing and cost recovery.

(6) Air Transport Services Regulation (Air Transport Services Regulation)

The focus of ICAO’s work in the field of air transport is “Facilitation”, which is “to remove obstacles to facilitate the free and unimpeded crossing of international borders for aircraft and its passengers, crew, luggage, cargo and mail.”

Of the 18 annexes, the only one that does not involve navigational technical issues is Annex 9 "Simplified Procedures" of the proposed measures for standardization of simplified procedures.

Regarding the air transport management system, the 1944 International Civil Aviation Conference tried to formulate a multilateral agreement on commercial aviation rights to replace a large number of bilateral agreements. But most of the representatives did not agree.

Therefore, the exchange of commercial aviation rights between countries is still determined by bilateral negotiations.

The responsibility of ICAO in this regard is to study the impact of changes in the global economic environment on the air transport management system, to provide analysis reports and recommendations to States, and to formulate specifications for certain operations in air transport.

The strategic work plan requires the ICAO to carry out the following tasks: revise the computer reservation system operating code of conduct, and study the impact of the General Agreement on Service Trade on the air transport management system.

(7) Statistics

Article 54 of the Chicago Convention stipulates that the Council must request, collect, review, and publish statistical data, and each weak person has an obligation to submit such data.

This is not only necessary to guide the deliberations of ICAO, but also essential to assist civil aviation authorities of various countries in formulating civil aviation policies according to the actual situation.

These statistics mainly include:

Carrier traffic
Sub-segment traffic
Flight origin and destination
Carrier finance
Fleet and personnel
Airport operations and finance
Route facilities business and finance
Aircraft registered in each country
Safety, general aviation and pilot licenses

ICAO's statistical work also includes economic forecasting and assisting countries in planning civil aviation development.

(8) Technical cooperation

Before the 1990s, 5% of the aid funds from the United Nations Development Programme were used for civil aviation projects in developing countries. These were entrusted to the ICAO Technical Cooperation Bureau for implementation. Since then, the department has changed its focus of assistance and basically has not allocated funds for civil aviation projects.

In view of the fact that many developing countries introduce new technologies for civil aviation mainly relying on foreign funds, ICAO emphasizes that it must continue to maintain its technical cooperation mechanism.

The sources of funds are firstly donated by developed countries, and secondly, self-funded by aided countries and entrusted to Implemented by the ICAO Technical Cooperation Bureau.

Many developed countries believe that the ICAO technical cooperation mechanism is inefficient and has a large number of people.

It also needs to withdraw 13% of the management fee from the project funds and rarely makes contributions to it.
It mainly chooses to implement the project directly with the recipient country in a bilateral manner.

(9) Training

ICAO provides assistance to civil aviation training colleges in various countries and regions to enable them to provide on-the-job training and foreign training in various fields of civil aviation to national personnel.

The strategic work plan requires that the focus of training in the future is to strengthen the standardization and pertinence of the curriculum.

Relations with China

China is one of the founding countries of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The old Chinese government signed the International Civil Aviation Convention in 1944, and officially became a member state in 1946.

On November 19, 1971, the sixteenth meeting of the 74th Council of ICAO adopted a resolution recognizing the government of the People ’s Republic of China as the sole legal representative of China.

In 1974, China recognized the "International Civil Aviation Convention" and participated in ICAO activities. In the same year, China was elected as a second-class member and successfully re-elected eight times.

At the 35th ICAO Assembly in 2004, China was elected as a first-class member. Montreal has a permanent representative office of China to the ICAO Council.

On September 28, 2013, China was re-elected as a first class member at the 38th ICAO General Assembly held in Montreal, Canada.
This is the fourth time since 2004 that China has re-elected any member.
There were 173 countries that participated in the polling elections that day. In addition to China, Germany, Japan, Italy, Australia, Russia, Brazil, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Canada also continued to be elected as first-class members.

Since resuming its participation in ICAO activities in 1974, China has been elected as a second-class member of ICAO for 10 consecutive times and was elected as a first-class member in 2004.

Civil Aviation Organization officials go to Beijing Airport for safety audit.

The ICAO General Assembly is held every three years.
This session of the General Assembly opens on September 24th, focusing on topics such as aviation safety, aviation security, environmental protection, transportation policy, and law.

Xia Xinghua, deputy director of the Civil Aviation Administration of China, led a Chinese government delegation to attend the conference.

Driven by the sustained development of China's economy and society, China's air transport industry has entered a new stage of rapid development. As the second largest air transportation system in the world, in 2012,

China completed a total air transportation turnover of 61.03 billion ton-km, passenger traffic of 319 million passengers, and cargo and postal traffic of 5.503 million tons.

In the past three years, the average annual growth rate was 12.6%, 11.5% and 7.0%. At the same time, China Civil Aviation has also made remarkable achievements in terms of safety records, provision of air navigation services, and ownership of airports and fleets.

In 2020, China's total number of transport airports will reach 260, which will meet the market demand for passenger traffic of approximately 700 million passengers.

As one of the founding countries of ICAO, China actively participates in various ICAO activities and projects.

Since 2010, China has provided US $ 820,000 in donations to the ICAO Aviation Security Action Plan, Operational Safety and Continued Airworthiness Cooperation in North Asia, and the Comprehensive Implementation Plan for Aviation Safety in Africa, and cooperated with ICAO to train developing countries More than 200 aviation professionals.

ICAO and Space Technology

In the early 1980s, the ICAO Council decided that it was necessary to thoroughly analyze and reassess the procedures and techniques that have been successfully used by international civil aviation for many years. Therefore, the Council established a Special Committee on Future Air Navigation Systems.

One of the most important conclusions this special committee will soon draw is that satellite technology provides a viable solution to the problems caused by the shortcomings of conventional ground-based systems.

The committee also concluded that the use of a global system is the only way to meet the future development and needs of international civil aviation, and satellite technology is an important factor in the global system.

International Civil Aviation Organization-Future Air Navigation System

Following the work of the Special Committee for Future Air Navigation Systems (1983-1988), a Special Committee for the Monitoring and Coordination of Future Air Navigation System Development and Transition Planning (Second Phase of Future Air Navigation System Special Committee) was established Years).

The committee proposed a system concept widely accepted by the international civil aviation community.
This concept is called communication, navigation and surveillance, and air traffic management (CNS / ATM) systems.
This has now become a reality.
CAS / ATM systems are basically global.
Therefore, these systems depend to a large extent on the use of satellites for communication and navigation.

In order to establish the necessary regulations for air navigation using existing and future satellite technologies in, civil aviation, the following groups have been established within the organization:

1. Aviation mobile communication team.

Established in 1991, it mainly develops international standards and recommended methods for the use of geostationary satellites for aviation voice and data communications.

Currently, this group is reviewing the issue of non-geostationary satellites in low-Earth orbit and medium-Earth orbit, and will develop appropriate technical regulations as appropriate.

2. Formulating technical regulations

The Global Navigation Satellite System Group, established in 1993, is currently formulating technical regulations on the use of existing satellite navigation systems (ie, Global Positioning System and Global Orbit Navigation Satellite System) and possible use of ground-based and satellite augmentation systems.
The team is also studying possible future (longer-term) navigation satellite systems and formulating the necessary technical regulations.

3. Aviation Telecommunication Network Group

Established in 1995, the task is to review the different types and forms of the long-term legal framework of the global navigation satellite system, and to formulate a legal framework based on certain basic principles. Submit to the next session of the General Assembly for approval.

What are the ICAO Related Publications?

The International Civil Aviation Organization publishes various civil aviation technical economic and legal documents in four languages: English, French, Spanish and Russian.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) related published books

Only the following types have been published and made available to the public:

1. "International Civil Aviation Convention", Annex 10, Volume III.
The document contains international standards and recommended practices as well as guidance material for aeronautical mobile satellite services.

2. "Guidelines for the Introduction and Actual Use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems".

3. The ICAO Magazine occasionally publishes articles on different aspects of space technology and their use in international civil aviation.

4. Monthly "International Civil Aviation Organization Bulletin".

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